尼泊爾因社群媒體管制政策爭議引發大規模示威抗議，在與安全部隊發生衝突造成至少22人死亡後，情勢急劇惡化，總理奧利被迫下台。尼泊爾成為繼孟加拉、斯里蘭卡之後，近年來第三個因示威活動導致政府垮台的南亞國家。
Nepal experienced large-scale protests due to controversial social media regulation policies. After clashes with security forces resulted in at least 22 deaths, the situation rapidly deteriorated, forcing Prime Minister Oli to step down. Nepal has become the third South Asian country in recent years to see its government fall due to protest movements, following Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
尼泊爾示威抗議前因後果
社群禁令引發尼泊爾年輕人上街示威
尼泊爾政府於5日實施社群媒體禁令，官方聲稱是因為部分網路平台未能遵守當地相關法規，然而此舉引發大批年輕人強烈不滿並於8日走上街頭抗議，禁令在示威爆發後於8日深夜被撤銷，但仍無法平息抗議活動。
The Nepalese government implemented a social media ban on the 5th, with officials claiming it was because some internet platforms failed to comply with local regulations. However, this move sparked strong dissatisfaction among large numbers of young people who took to the streets on the 8th to protest. The ban was lifted on the night of the 8th after protests erupted, but this still failed to calm the protest activities.
示威抗議迅速壓垮尼泊爾政府
華爾街日報報導，新聞秘書證實73歲的尼泊爾總理奧利已於9日宣布請辭，期間首都加德滿都的示威者無視宵禁令，攻擊多位政治領袖的私人住宅，他們認為這些政治人物應該為前一天與安全部隊衝突，導致至少22名示威者死亡承擔責任。
The Wall Street Journal reported that a news secretary confirmed that 73-year-old Prime Minister Oli announced his resignation on the 9th. During this period, protesters in the capital Kathmandu ignored curfew orders and attacked the private residences of several political leaders, believing these political figures should take responsibility for the deaths of at least 22 protesters in clashes with security forces the previous day.
相關法令及貪腐問題早醞釀尼泊爾年輕人不滿
半島電視台報導，尼泊爾政府2023年頒布法令，要求在尼泊爾擁有超過百萬用戶、用於娛樂、新聞與商務的社群媒體平台必須完成註冊並設立當地據點，目的是為了遏止網路仇恨言論、謠言傳播與網路犯罪行為。
Al Jazeera reported that the Nepalese government issued a decree in 2023 requiring social media platforms with more than one million users in Nepal that are used for entertainment, news, and business to complete registration and establish local offices. The purpose was to prevent online hate speech, rumor spreading, and cybercrime activities.
當局要求相關公司必須在今年9月3日前向尼泊爾通訊與資訊科技部完成註冊程序，並提供當地聯絡人員、負責處理申訴及自我管制的人員，否則將面臨封鎖。然而到9月4日時僅有TikTok和Viber等5家公司完成註冊。當局因未遵守規定而封鎖包括臉書、YouTube與X等社群媒體平台。尼泊爾7月時曾經封鎖Telegram，理由是網路詐騙與洗錢案件增加；去年8月，尼泊爾解除對TikTok長達9個月的禁令，原因是TikTok負責南亞地區的部門終於同意遵守尼泊爾相關規定。
Authorities required relevant companies to complete registration procedures with Nepal's Ministry of Communications and Information Technology by September 3rd of this year, and provide local contact personnel responsible for handling complaints and self-regulation. Otherwise, they would face blocking. However, by September 4th, only five companies including TikTok and Viber had completed registration. Authorities blocked social media platforms including Facebook, YouTube, and X for failing to comply with regulations. Nepal had blocked Telegram in July, citing increased internet fraud and money laundering cases. Last August, Nepal lifted a 9-month ban on TikTok because TikTok's South Asia department finally agreed to comply with Nepal's relevant regulations.
法新社與路透社指出，尼泊爾當局封鎖20多個未註冊的社群媒體平台，導致Facebook、YouTube和X等多個社群媒體從9月5日起無法正常使用，大批年輕人於8日走上街頭抗議。抗議者縱火焚燒國會大樓，要求政府解除社群媒體禁令並打擊貪腐問題。
AFP and Reuters reported that Nepalese authorities blocked more than 20 unregistered social media platforms, causing Facebook, YouTube, X, and other social media platforms to become unusable starting September 5th. Large numbers of young people took to the streets on the 8th to protest. Protesters set fire to the parliament building, demanding the government lift the social media ban and fight corruption.
尼泊爾的Z世代年輕人率先走上街頭，他們的不滿遠不止於無法使用社群媒體。長久以來，普遍的貪腐問題、失業困境、政治分贓以及對國家未來的絕望感，才是引爆這場雪崩式危機的根本原因。
Nepal's Generation Z young people were the first to take to the streets, and their dissatisfaction goes far beyond being unable to use social media. For a long time, widespread corruption problems, unemployment difficulties, political power-sharing, and despair about the country's future have been the fundamental causes that triggered this avalanche-like crisis.
示威迅速衝垮尼泊爾政府
（資料來源：路透社）
示威者襲擊、焚燒尼泊爾政府各機構及住所
儘管遭到封鎖的社群媒體應用程式已於8日夜間恢復上線，但抗議活動仍持續升級；尼泊爾示威者9日破壞並縱火焚燒總理奧利的私人住所，當時奧利正在官邸內。
Although the blocked social media applications were restored online on the night of the 8th, protest activities continued to escalate. On the 9th, protesters damaged and set fire to Prime Minister Oli's private residence while Oli was at his official residence.
根據尼泊爾當地新聞媒體報導和網路流傳的影片顯示，示威者還襲擊多數政府辦公室、政黨總部以及與其他政治領袖相關的房產。
According to reports from local Nepalese news media and videos circulating online, protesters also attacked most government offices, party headquarters, and properties related to other political leaders.
尼泊爾前總理夫人被燒死
尼泊爾政府因社群媒體管制令引發示威，至少22人死亡，總理請辭下台。當地動亂未歇，據傳前總理夫人基特拉卡爾被困火場燒死。
Nepal's government sparked protests due to social media control orders, with at least 22 people dead and the prime minister resigning. Local unrest continues, and it is reported that former Prime Minister's wife Chitrakar was trapped in a fire and burned to death.
包括印度斯坦時報在內的多家印度媒體報導，尼泊爾前總理坎乃爾之妻基特拉卡爾於9日因燒傷不治，她的房屋遭示威者縱火，緊急送醫時已命危。
Multiple Indian media outlets, including the Hindustan Times, reported that Chitrakar, wife of former Nepalese Prime Minister Khanal, died from burn injuries on the 9th. Her house was set on fire by protesters, and she was already in critical condition when rushed to the hospital.
印媒引述當地媒體Khabarhub指出，事件發生在尼泊爾首都加德滿都高級住宅區達盧，示威者將基特拉卡爾困在屋內並縱火燒屋。她遭到嚴重燒傷後緊急送醫，但因包括肺部在內的身體多處重度燒傷，在醫院救治無效。
Indian media, quoting local media Khabarhub, indicated that the incident occurred in Dallu, an upscale residential area in Nepal's capital Kathmandu. Protesters trapped Chitrakar inside the house and set it on fire. She was rushed to the hospital after suffering severe burns, but died due to severe burns to multiple parts of her body, including her lungs.
尼泊爾警方實彈鎮壓，血染民主殿堂
抗議活動在8日爆發後，迅速席捲全國。奧利政府選擇以強硬手段回應，下令警方動用致命武力鎮壓手無寸鐵的示威者。
After protest activities erupted on the 8th, they quickly swept across the country. The Oli government chose to respond with tough measures, ordering police to use deadly force to suppress unarmed protesters.
根據報導，尼泊爾警方發射了橡皮子彈甚至實彈，導致至少19名年輕人喪生，超過400人受傷。血腥的鎮壓畫面震驚了國內外，也讓奧利政府的正當性徹底崩潰。
According to reports, police fired rubber bullets and even live ammunition, resulting in at least 19 young people's deaths and over 400 injuries. The bloody suppression scenes shocked both domestic and international audiences and completely destroyed the government's legitimacy.
加德滿都大學教授迪內什·卡夫勒在《加德滿都郵報》撰文，將奧利政府的行為形容為「野蠻的暴行」。他尖銳地指出，這次鎮壓造成的死亡人數，幾乎與2006年尼泊爾人民為爭取民主而推翻前國王賈南德拉時的犧牲人數相當。「這位民選總理，如今在民主殿堂外光天化日之下冷血謀殺自己的公民，其殘暴程度已超越了當年的獨裁君主。」
Kathmandu University Professor Dinesh Kafle wrote in the Kathmandu Post, describing the Oli government's actions as "savage brutality." He sharply pointed out that the death toll from this suppression was almost equal to the number of sacrifices when the Nepalese people fought for democracy and overthrew former King Gyanendra Shah in 2006. "This elected prime minister now coldly murders his own citizens in broad daylight outside the democratic temple, and his brutality has exceeded that of the former dictatorial monarch."
（資料來源：CBS News）
從孟加拉到尼泊爾，南亞街頭革命席捲三國政府
真正引發尼泊爾年輕人上街的原因
半島電視台指出，包括美國、歐盟、巴西與澳洲在內的全球各地政府，都在加強對社群媒體與科技巨頭的監管，理由涵蓋打擊假訊息、維護隱私權和防止危害國家安全等。印度已強制要求社群媒體業者需設立當地負責人員與下架機制，中國則維持嚴格的審查與許可制度。
Al Jazeera pointed out that governments around the world, including the United States, European Union, Brazil, and Australia, are strengthening regulation of social media and tech giants for reasons including fighting false information, protecting privacy rights, and preventing threats to national security. India has mandated that social media operators must establish local responsible personnel and takedown mechanisms, while China maintains strict censorship and licensing systems.
華爾街日報指出，尼泊爾示威者認為社群媒體禁令只是導火線，引爆問題的真正根源是長期積累的民怨。民眾普遍認為政治階層貪腐嚴重且在經濟發展方面毫無作為；由於國內缺乏就業機會，大量尼泊爾人被迫遠赴海外工作。
The Wall Street Journal pointed out that protesters believe the social media ban was just a trigger, and the real root cause of the explosion was long-accumulated public grievances. People generally believe that the political class is seriously corrupt and has done nothing in terms of economic development. Due to lack of domestic employment opportunities, large numbers of Nepalese are forced to work abroad.
尼泊爾政府無視年輕人困境
當地不少人質疑，為何政治人物能過著與收入不相稱的奢華生活；相較之下，大多數尼泊爾民眾若要改善生活前景，唯一途徑就是出國工作，往往還是高風險或低薪的職務。海外尼泊爾人匯回的款項是當地經濟支柱，約佔尼泊爾國內生產總值的三分之一。
Many locals question why politicians can live luxurious lives that don't match their incomes. In contrast, for most people, if they want to improve their life prospects, the only way is to work abroad, often in high-risk or low-paying jobs. Money sent back by overseas Nepalese is a pillar of the local economy, accounting for about one-third of Nepal's GDP.
在華府的東南亞問題專家柯格曼表示：「在尼泊爾，許多人覺得政府和其他政治領袖並不關心他們的困境，尤其是人口結構中佔多數的年輕人，而且人們的感受是政府無視持續存在的失業與通膨問題。」
Southeast Asia expert Michael Kugelman in Washington said: "In Nepal, many people feel that the government and other political leaders don't care about their difficulties, especially young people who make up the majority of the population structure. People feel that the government ignores continuing unemployment and inflation problems."
南亞國家不只尼泊爾爆發抗爭
不只尼泊爾。去年，學生示威群眾推翻孟加拉政府；2022年，大規模示威迫使斯里蘭卡領導人逃往海外。印尼近日的示威也凸顯民眾實際處境與政府所描繪願景間存在不小落差。華爾街日報認為，雖然前述狀況不盡相同，但都有年輕族群對經濟困境失望的共同點，以及對根深蒂固卻無視民眾疾苦的領導階層不滿。
Last year, student protesters overthrew the Bangladesh government. In 2022, large-scale protests forced Sri Lankan leaders to flee overseas. Recent protests in Indonesia also highlight the significant gap between people's actual situations and the vision described by the government. The Wall Street Journal believes that although the above situations are not entirely the same, they all share the common point of young groups being disappointed with economic difficulties and dissatisfied with deeply rooted leadership that ignores people's suffering.
