
《伊里亞德》是荷馬寫的偉大史詩,描述希臘與特洛伊之間的戰爭,雖然史詩中僅描述最後一年(總共十年)的幾週時間,但清楚描述了許多細節,從希臘統帥阿葛曼儂與希臘第一勇士阿基里斯的爭執開始,在特洛伊王子赫克特的葬禮後結束。現今我們讀到關於完整特洛伊戰爭的故事,多半是綜合了其他詩人增添的描述與細節。當然《伊里亞德》還是主軸,但加上了歐里庇得斯的悲劇、維吉爾的《伊尼亞德記》與奧維的許多部作品,更能呈現當年戰爭的完整面貌。
神話傳說的特洛伊戰爭導火線
特洛伊戰爭竟源於一顆金蘋果
關於特洛伊戰爭,《伊里亞德》中是這樣記載的:
Regarding the Trojan War, it is recorded as follows in The Iliad:
宙斯將水精靈泰緹絲下嫁給人類英雄帕琉斯,這是一場奧林帕斯諸神與凡人共襄盛舉的婚禮。為了表示對這對新人聯姻的祝福,帕琉斯舉辦了一場盛大的宴會,邀請了所有的天神參加,天上地下無不歡騰。然而,在這場熱鬧非凡的婚宴中,有一位女神卻被刻意遺忘了,那就是混亂女神愛瑞絲。
Zeus arranged the marriage of the water nymph Thetis to the mortal hero Peleus, an event celebrated with a grand wedding banquet. To honor the union, Peleus hosted a lavish feast, inviting all the gods and goddesses to partake in the festivities. The heavens and earth rejoiced in this magnificent celebration. However, one goddess was deliberately excluded—Eris, the goddess of discord.
愛瑞絲自認是宇宙間最古老且不可或缺的存在,因為在秩序誕生之前,混亂早已根植於天地間。儘管她的地位崇高,奧林帕斯的諸神卻視她為不速之客,將她排除在婚宴之外。這樣的羞辱讓愛瑞絲心生怨恨,她決定以一場精心策劃的陰謀,來打亂這場盛宴。
Eris, who prided herself on being one of the oldest and most essential entities in the cosmos, believed that chaos existed long before order. Despite her ancient and exalted status, the gods of Olympus deemed her an unwelcome guest and deliberately left her out of the invitations. Deeply offended, Eris devised a cunning plan to disrupt the joyous occasion.
愛瑞絲悄悄潛入天空精靈海斯特拉蒂守護的金蘋果園,精挑細選了一顆最為圓潤、金光閃閃的蘋果。隨後,她趁宴會最熱鬧的時候,將這顆金蘋果丟入會場。宴會上的眾神被這突如其來的金蘋果吸引,紛紛議論它的來歷。然而,愛瑞絲早已消失無蹤,只留下一枚金蘋果和上面的字條。字條上簡單地寫著:「給最美的。」
Stealthily, Eris snuck into the golden apple orchard guarded by the sky nymph Hesperides. She carefully selected the roundest, most radiant golden apple and hurled it into the banquet hall at the height of the celebration. The gods and goddesses were immediately captivated by the sudden appearance of the apple and began speculating about its origin. Eris, having vanished into the shadows, left behind only the apple and a simple inscription: "For the Fairest."
這短短四個字在會場掀起了波瀾。奧林帕斯的女神們個個自認美貌無雙,尤其是阿芙蘿黛蒂、雅典娜和赫拉。
These four words unleashed a storm of rivalry among the goddesses. Each one believed herself to be the fairest of them all, especially Aphrodite, Athena, and Hera.
阿芙蘿黛蒂以愛與美著稱,她微微一笑,取出她的魅力腰帶,輕輕一揮便迷倒了一眾男神;雅典娜則以她的英氣與智慧取勝,身穿戰甲的她,神采飛揚,散發著一種無法忽視的吸引力;天后赫拉則一如既往地雍容華貴,她身著華美禮服,舉手投足間流露出高貴的氣質。會場上的眾神看得目瞪口呆,卻無法決定這顆金蘋果究竟該歸屬誰。
Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty, flaunted her charm and drew out her enchanted girdle, sending irresistible glances to all the gods, who quickly fell under her spell. Athena, not to be outdone, donned her battle armor, exuding both grace and strength, a vision of unparalleled magnificence. Hera, the queen of the gods, radiated regal elegance in her resplendent gown, her every movement exuding dignity and poise. The gods, mesmerized by their beauty, were unable to determine who truly deserved the golden apple.
宙斯又是你?甩鍋給人類成為特洛伊戰爭導火線
三位女神爭執不下,於是她們一同前去請宙斯做出裁決。然而,宙斯深知這是一個燙手山芋,無論如何裁決,都會得罪其中兩位女神。為了避免引火上身,他以自己不擅長分辨美貌為由,將這一艱難的任務推給了凡人特洛伊王子帕里斯。
Unable to reach a resolution, the three goddesses turned to Zeus for judgment. However, Zeus, ever the cunning strategist, understood the peril of choosing among the three and offending the others. Declaring himself unfit to decide, he cleverly passed the responsibility to Paris, a young prince of Troy.
當三位光彩奪目的女神突然降臨在人間時,帕里斯正悠閒地在草地上牧羊。他既震驚又迷惑,還沒來得及反應,女神們便已經說明來意。她們各自宣稱自己是最美的,並希望帕里斯來為她們裁定。然而,這不是一項簡單的判斷,於是三位女神都選擇以賄賂的方式來爭取帕里斯的青睞。
At the time, Paris was living a peaceful life as a shepherd on a grassy hillside, blissfully unaware of the divine drama about to unfold. When the three radiant goddesses descended from the heavens, he was taken aback, their presence both dazzling and intimidating. They explained their predicament and asked him to decide who among them was the fairest. Knowing that the task would not be easily resolved, each goddess chose to offer him a bribe.
赫拉承諾,如果帕里斯選擇她,她將賜予他至高無上的權力,讓他成為世界上最強大的國王;雅典娜則表示,她會將無與倫比的智慧和戰鬥技巧傳授給他,使他在戰場上無往不利;阿芙蘿黛蒂則輕聲細語地許諾,如果帕里斯選她為最美,她將為他贈予世上最美的女人為妻。
Hera promised Paris supreme power, vowing to make him the greatest king on earth if he chose her. Athena offered unmatched wisdom and unparalleled skill in battle, ensuring him victory and glory. Aphrodite, with a soft and enticing voice, pledged to give him the love of the most beautiful woman in the world if he declared her the fairest.
面對三個無法拒絕的誘惑,帕里斯的心最終被阿芙蘿黛蒂的承諾所俘虜。他將金蘋果交給了愛與美的女神,令她喜不自勝。然而,這一選擇卻激怒了赫拉和雅典娜,她們對帕里斯的判決心懷怨恨,並將這份怨恨埋藏在心底。
Faced with these tempting offers, Paris ultimately succumbed to Aphrodite’s promise, awarding her the golden apple. The goddess of love and beauty beamed with triumph as she claimed her prize, but his choice provoked the wrath of Hera and Athena. Though they masked their fury, they harbored a deep resentment that would soon ignite devastating consequences.
這場因金蘋果而起的紛爭,成為日後特洛伊戰爭的導火索,而帕里斯的選擇則被後人稱為「帕里斯的判決」,永載史冊。
This seemingly trivial event set the stage for the Trojan War, as Paris’s decision, later known as "The Judgment of Paris," became a tale of infamy and intrigue, immortalized in the annals of history.

(資料來源:The Judgement of Paris, Peter Paul Rubens)
特洛伊戰爭的起始與結局
為紅顏而引發的特洛伊戰爭

(資料來源:Helen of Troy, Evelyn De Morgan)
世界上最美的女人是誰?那便是海倫。她是宙斯與麗達的女兒,擁有無與倫比的美貌,令凡間眾多男子為之傾倒。他們垂涎海倫的容顏,渴望娶她為妻。一大群追求者湧至海倫的家中,個個宣稱能為她提供世上最好的生活,若無法如願,甚至願意為此一戰。
Who is the most beautiful woman in the world? It is none other than Helen, the daughter of Zeus and Leda. Her unparalleled beauty captivated mortals everywhere, with countless suitors vying for her hand in marriage. A great number of men gathered at her home, each claiming they could offer her the best life possible, even vowing to go to war if they failed to win her heart.
然而,這讓海倫名義上的父親——斯巴達國王提達瑞斯深感困擾。若他隨意挑選女婿,勢必引發紛爭甚至戰爭。海倫的兩位哥哥忙於應對眾多追求者,而提達瑞斯則絞盡腦汁尋求解決之道。
This put Helen’s nominal father, King Tyndareus of Sparta, in a difficult position. If he chose a husband arbitrarily, it could spark conflicts or even war. While Helen’s brothers struggled to manage the influx of suitors, Tyndareus racked his brains for a solution.
這時,狡猾的奧德修斯站出來。他並未帶來豐厚禮物,因為他自知勝算不大,但他為提達瑞斯獻上了一條妙計。他建議說:「不如讓所有追求者發誓,無論誰娶了海倫,若她的婚姻出現問題,大家都必須共同捍衛,幫助解決問題。」這個建議既巧妙又公平,追求者們紛紛同意並發下誓言,皆希望自己能成為那位幸運的丈夫。
The clever Odysseus came to his aid. Unlike the other suitors, Odysseus brought no gifts, knowing his chances of marrying Helen were slim. Instead, he presented Tyndareus with a brilliant idea. “Why not have all the suitors swear an oath?” he proposed. “Whoever marries Helen, should their marriage face trouble, everyone must unite to defend and protect it.” This suggestion was both fair and ingenious, and the suitors readily agreed, each hoping to be chosen as Helen’s husband.
隨後,提達瑞斯選擇了阿伽門農的弟弟米涅勞斯為海倫的丈夫。其他追求者雖然失望,但也無可奈何,只得依誓言平靜地離開。米涅勞斯娶得美嬌娘,夫妻二人幸福地生活了數年,直到帕里斯的出現。
With the oath in place, Tyndareus selected Menelaus, the brother of Agamemnon, as Helen’s husband. While the other suitors left disappointed, they kept their promises. Menelaus brought Helen back to Greece, and the couple lived happily for several years—until Paris entered the picture.
帕里斯因「金蘋果事件」被阿芙蘿黛蒂選為特別的寵兒,後者知道世上最美的女人正是海倫,於是她帶帕里斯來到希臘,並向米涅勞斯提出拜訪。米涅勞斯熱情接待帕里斯,卻在關鍵時刻親自離家前往克里特島處理事務,將帕里斯與海倫留在家中。當米涅勞斯返回時,他驚愕地發現,海倫和帕里斯早已不見蹤影。
Paris, blessed by Aphrodite after the Judgment of Paris, was promised the love of the most beautiful woman in the world. Knowing this to be Helen, Aphrodite brought him to Greece and introduced him to Menelaus, who welcomed Paris warmly. However, when Menelaus left for Crete to attend to some matters, he unwittingly left Paris alone with Helen. Upon his return, he discovered that both Helen and Paris had vanished.
帕里斯帶著海倫逃往特洛伊,這一行為激怒了米涅勞斯。他想起追求者們當年所發下的誓言,於是召集整個希臘的王子與國王助他奪回妻子。大多數人遵守誓言加入軍隊,唯有兩人例外:奧德修斯和阿基里斯。
Paris had abducted Helen and taken her to Troy. Furious, Menelaus invoked the oath sworn by Helen’s former suitors and called upon all of Greece’s princes and kings to help him reclaim his wife. Most answered the call, with two notable exceptions: Odysseus and Achilles.
奧德修斯覺得幫米涅勞斯追回妻子既費時又無益,且需長時間離家,難以照顧妻子潘妮洛普和幼子,於是他裝瘋賣傻,假裝在田裡播種鹽巴,試圖逃避參戰。然而,使者一眼識破了他的把戲,奧德修斯不得不為了榮譽加入戰爭。
Odysseus, ever pragmatic, saw little personal benefit in helping Menelaus recover his wife. Reluctant to leave his own wife, Penelope, and young son for years of war, he feigned madness by sowing salt into his fields, hoping to evade his oath. However, the messengers saw through his ruse, and for the sake of his honor, Odysseus reluctantly joined the campaign.
奧德修斯的第一項任務是召集希臘第一勇士阿基里斯,因為若無他,希臘軍隊難有勝算。然而,阿基里斯的母親泰緹絲擔心兒子參戰必死無疑,便將他女扮男裝,藏於一群婦人之中。但奧德修斯深謀遠慮,他設計了一場計謀,成功識破阿基里斯的偽裝,並告訴他參戰將帶來永恆的榮耀。阿基里斯被說服,拋下母親的警告,決定出征。
Odysseus’s first mission was to recruit Achilles, the greatest warrior of Greece. Without him, the Greek army stood little chance of victory. However, Achilles’ mother, Thetis, aware that her son’s participation in the Trojan War would lead to his death, disguised him as a woman and hid him among a group of maidens. But Odysseus was no ordinary man—through a clever ploy, he uncovered Achilles’ identity and persuaded him to join the war, promising eternal glory. Achilles, eager for fame, disregarded his mother’s warnings and agreed to fight.
就這樣,希臘的王子與勇士們齊聚一堂,為奪回海倫而啟程,史詩般的特洛伊戰爭拉開了序幕。
Thus, the kings and warriors of Greece assembled, ready to embark on a campaign to reclaim Helen. And so began the epic Trojan War, a tale that would echo through the ages.
木馬屠城記:特洛伊戰爭劃下句點
(資料來源:Youtube - The Life Guide, The ENTIRE Story of the Trojan War Explained)
公元前十三世紀,特洛伊——這座位於愛琴海東岸、歐亞大陸交界的小國,隱藏在一片山谷盆地中,悄然崛起。特洛伊城依託寬闊的平原,四周圍繞著堅固高聳的石牆,抵禦著任何外敵的侵襲。城內,住宅錯落有致,繁榮景象映入眼簾;城邦的核心是國王的宮殿與供奉雅典娜女神的輝煌神殿。城牆外,農場與花園點綴著城郊,背靠巍峨險峻的愛達山脈。
In the 13th century BCE, a small kingdom known as Troy rose quietly in a valley near the Aegean Sea, at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. Surrounded by vast plains and towering stone walls, the city stood as a fortress, impervious to invaders. Within the walls lay neatly arranged homes, the royal palace, and the magnificent temple dedicated to Athena, the city's patron goddess. Beyond the walls, farmlands, gardens, and forests stretched out to the base of the majestic Mount Ida.
特洛伊人為自己的家園感到無比自豪,深信在堅固城牆的保護下,他們能夠永享和平與幸福。然而,命運並未眷顧他們。一場滅頂之災源於特洛伊國王的長子帕里斯。這位王子在前往斯巴達王國朝聖時,拐走了斯巴達國王墨涅拉俄斯的妻子——舉世聞名的美人海倫。憤怒的墨涅拉俄斯發誓復仇,並與兄長阿加曼農聯合希臘諸國,集結千艘戰船,揚帆直指特洛伊,誓要徹底摧毀這座城池。
The Trojans took great pride in their prosperous city, believing that their fortified walls would safeguard them forever. However, this sense of invincibility was shattered when disaster struck, all because of Paris, the king's eldest son. During a journey to Sparta, Paris abducted Helen, the wife of King Menelaus, renowned as the most beautiful woman in the world. Enraged, Menelaus vowed revenge and, with the help of his brother Agamemnon, united the Greek states to launch a massive invasion of Troy. A thousand ships carried the Greek forces to the shores of Troy, where they camped and prepared for a prolonged siege.
這場戰爭一開始便十分殘酷。希臘遠征軍圍困特洛伊長達十年,雙方反覆交戰,卻始終無法改變僵局:希臘軍未能攻破城池,而特洛伊守軍也無法驅逐侵略者。戰爭的漫長消耗使雙方傷亡慘重,士氣低落。然而,這場持久戰在一個初夏的清晨迎來了突如其來的變化。
For ten years, the Greeks besieged Troy, and neither side could claim victory. The Greeks failed to breach the city’s walls, while the Trojans could not drive the invaders back to the sea. Both armies suffered heavy casualties, yet the stalemate persisted—until one fateful summer morning.
那一天,特洛伊城的衛兵發現,長達十年的圍城敵軍竟在一夜之間撤離。帳篷、篝火無影無蹤,海岸邊也一片死寂。城民們歡呼雀躍,慶祝來之不易的和平。然而,一位敏銳的民眾發現,海灣的蘆葦叢中藏著一個巨大的木馬。這匹檀木巨馬的體積十分驚人,像是一個海怪靜靜漂浮在水中。雖然許多人認為這只是希臘人的恐嚇伎倆,但特洛伊的大祭司拉孔奧卻認為這是一場陰謀。他高聲警告:「孩子們,這是希臘人的詭計!千萬別靠近這個木馬,更不要將它帶入城中!」
That day, the Trojans awoke to find the Greek army gone. Their camps were deserted, and the coastline lay eerily silent. Believing the Greeks had retreated, the Trojans erupted in joyous celebration. However, a sharp-eyed citizen noticed a strange object hidden among the reeds by the shore—a massive wooden horse, unlike anything they had ever seen. While many dismissed it as a parting threat from the Greeks, the high priest Laocoön warned of deceit. “My children,” he cried, “this is a trick of the Greeks! Do not touch the horse or bring it into the city!”
然而,國王宣告希臘人已撤軍,並號召全城民眾慶祝勝利。許多好奇的年輕人聚集在木馬旁,討論該如何處置這個奇怪的物體。最終,大多數人決定將木馬拉入城中,作為勝利的象徵。無論拉孔奧如何阻止,熱血沸騰的民眾依然無視警告。他們用纜繩和木輪,將木馬拖進城內,停放在雅典娜神殿的側翼。當夜,特洛伊人陷入慶祝與安眠,殊不知災難正悄然而至。
Despite Laocoön’s warnings, the king declared victory and ordered the horse brought into the city as a symbol of their triumph. Ignoring the priest’s pleas, the citizens used ropes and wheels to drag the giant horse through the gates and placed it beside Athena’s temple. That night, Troy celebrated with feasting and merriment, unaware of the impending doom.
午夜時分,木馬內部的隱藏門被打開,希臘勇士尤里西斯率領的五十名精兵魚貫而出。他們迅速攻擊城門,放信號給躲在海灣的希臘軍隊,指引他們返回海岸。特洛伊城陷入火海,沉睡的城民慘遭屠殺。
At midnight, a hidden door in the wooden horse opened, and Greek warriors led by Odysseus emerged. They silently killed the guards, opened the city gates, and signaled the Greek fleet, which had been waiting nearby. The Greek army stormed the city, setting it ablaze and slaughtering the unsuspecting Trojans. By dawn, the once-prosperous Troy lay in ruins, its people either killed or enslaved.
這場長達十年的戰爭,最終以希臘人的詭計收尾,徹底摧毀了特洛伊這座偉大的城邦。
Thus ended the ten-year Trojan War, a tale of pride, betrayal, and the devastating power of deception.