委內瑞拉與美國曾經是親密盟友。二十世紀初起，美國深度介入委內瑞拉的石油產業。1950 年代，美國國務院的政策文件甚至明確將委內瑞拉石油視為戰時不可或缺的戰略儲備。
Venezuela and the United States were once close allies. Since the early 20th century, the US was deeply involved in Venezuela's oil industry. In the 1950s, US State Department policy documents explicitly identified Venezuelan oil as an essential wartime strategic reserve.
然而，1999 年查維茲就任總統後，他的反美路線與石油國有化政策讓兩國關係出現裂痕。2002 年，查維茲一度遭遇政變，他懷疑背後有美國操控，這成為雙邊關係決裂的轉捩點。查維茲甚至在 2006 年的聯合國大會上，八次稱呼當時的美國總統喬治·布希為「魔鬼」。
However, after Hugo Chávez became president in 1999, his anti-American stance and oil nationalization policies created a rift between the two countries. In 2002, Chávez survived a coup attempt and suspected American involvement, marking a turning point in bilateral relations. Chávez even called US President George W. Bush "the devil" eight times during a speech at the 2006 United Nations General Assembly.
此後，美國持續對委內瑞拉實施多輪制裁，雙方從能源依賴走向戰略脫鉤。到了 2025 年全面封鎖後，百年能源同盟正式畫下句點。川普政府甚至在 2025 年 12 月將馬杜洛政權及其相關勢力列為「外國恐怖組織」，這成為美方後續採取軍事行動的重要法律依據。
The US subsequently imposed multiple rounds of sanctions on Venezuela, and the two nations shifted from energy dependence to strategic decoupling. After a complete blockade in 2025, their century-long energy alliance officially ended. The Trump administration even designated the Maduro regime and its associated forces as a "Foreign Terrorist Organization" in December 2025, providing an important legal basis for subsequent US military action.
48小時閃電戰：川普為何出兵委內瑞拉
（資料來源：pbs.org）
美國總統川普（Donald Trump）在當地時間 1 月 3 日宣布，對委內瑞拉首都卡拉卡斯發動陸空聯合突襲行動，成功俘虜馬杜洛及其妻子西莉亞·佛羅雷斯（Cilia Flores）。這項軍事任務代號為「絕對決心行動」（Operation Absolute Resolve），是美國自 1989 年出兵巴拿馬以來，在拉丁美洲規模最大的軍事行動，引發全球矚目。
US President Donald Trump announced on January 3rd, local time, that he had launched a joint land-and-air assault on Caracas, the capital of Venezuela, successfully capturing Maduro and his wife Cilia Flores. This military operation, codenamed "Operation Absolute Resolve," is the largest US military action in Latin America since the 1989 invasion of Panama, attracting worldwide attention.
馬杜洛夫婦被逮捕後，隨即遭美軍押解離境並送往紐約，接受美國聯邦法院審判。
After their arrest, Maduro and his wife were immediately transported out of the country by US military forces and taken to New York to face trial in a US federal court.
川普為何出兵委內瑞拉、逮捕馬杜洛？背後原因大致可分為以下幾個面向：
Why did Trump invade Venezuela and arrest Maduro? The reasons can be divided into several key factors:
掃蕩毒品國家/Cracking down on a narco-state
2020 年 3 月，美國紐約南區聯邦地區法院指控馬杜洛涉嫌跨國販毒及策劃毒品恐怖主義，美國國務院當時對馬杜洛發出 1500 萬美元的通緝懸賞。2025 年 8 月，美國司法部長乓迪（Pamela Bondi）宣布將懸賞金額提高至 5000 萬美元，並指控馬杜洛政權與知名毒販集團結盟，向美國輸出大量摻有芬太尼的古柯鹼等毒品。
In March 2020, the US District Court for the Southern District of New York charged Maduro with international drug trafficking and plotting narco-terrorism. At that time, the US State Department issued a 15 million bounty for his capture. In August 2025, US Attorney General Pamela Bondi announced an increase in the bounty to 50 million, accusing the Maduro regime of forming alliances with notorious drug cartels and flooding the United States with large quantities of fentanyl-laced cocaine and other drugs.
在美國檢方的起訴書中，馬杜洛被描述為主導國家級犯罪組織「太陽集團」（Cartel of the Suns）的首腦。美國司法部指出，馬杜洛被控涉及「毒品恐怖主義」、古柯鹼走私陰謀，以及持有機關槍和破壞性武器針對美國等罪行。對於這些指控，馬杜洛與其妻均表示不認罪。
In the federal indictment, Maduro is described as the leader of a state-level criminal organization known as the "Cartel of the Suns." According to the US Department of Justice, Maduro faces charges including narco-terrorism, conspiracy to smuggle cocaine, and possession of machine guns and destructive devices intended for use against the United States. Both Maduro and his wife have pleaded not guilty to all charges.
馬杜洛當選合法性/Questioning the legitimacy of Maduro's elections
2024 年，馬杜洛在執政十一年後再次當選連任。然而，包括美國、歐盟在內的五十多個國家政府都拒絕承認馬杜洛當選的正當性。反對派陣營抨擊，馬杜洛在選舉中涉及舞弊、政治迫害與非法作票，而提出這些質疑的反對派人士也因此屢遭打壓。換句話說，川普視馬杜洛為非法掌權的威權統治者，此前便曾多次公開呼籲馬杜洛下台。
In 2024, after eleven years in power, Maduro was once again re-elected. However, more than fifty governments, including the United States and the European Union, refused to recognize the legitimacy of his victory. Opposition groups accused Maduro of election fraud, political persecution, and ballot manipulation. Those who raised these allegations faced repeated suppression. In other words, Trump viewed Maduro as an authoritarian ruler who had seized power illegally and had publicly called for his resignation on multiple occasions.
解決黑幫移民問題/Addressing gang-related immigration
馬杜洛 2013 年接任委內瑞拉總統後，該國經濟急速惡化，估計將近 800 萬名當地人被迫逃亡至世界各地，其中數十萬人前往美國。川普將這波難民潮歸咎於馬杜洛的施政失敗。
After Maduro took office as Venezuela's president in 2013, the country's economy deteriorated rapidly. An estimated eight million Venezuelans were forced to flee to various parts of the world, with hundreds of thousands heading to the United States. Trump has blamed this refugee crisis on Maduro's failed governance.
此外，川普政府認為，委內瑞拉蓄意向美國輸出「阿拉瓜火車幫」（Tren de Aragua）等犯罪組織成員，這些不法分子被控涉及敲詐勒索、人口販運、謀殺等罪行，意圖透過製造社會動盪來動搖美國根基、削弱國力。以美方的立場來看，要守住邊境安全，就必須先鏟除來自卡拉卡斯的禍根。
Furthermore, the Trump administration believes that Venezuela has deliberately exported criminal organizations such as "Tren de Aragua" (the Aragua Train gang) to the United States. These criminals are accused of involvement in extortion, human trafficking, and murder, with the intent of destabilizing American society and weakening the nation. From the US perspective, securing the border requires eliminating the root cause emanating from Caracas.
地緣政治與能源經濟考量/Geopolitical and energy-economic considerations
如本文前段所述，委內瑞拉擁有全球最大的石油儲量，同時也是中國和俄羅斯在西半球的重要合作盟友。站在美國的立場，自然不希望敵對勢力在自家後院持續擴張。因此，在委內瑞拉扶植親美政權，是確保全球能源定價權重回美國手中的戰略考量。
As mentioned earlier in this article, Venezuela possesses the world's largest oil reserves and serves as an important ally for China and Russia in the Western Hemisphere. From the American standpoint, allowing hostile powers to expand their influence in its own backyard is unacceptable. Therefore, establishing a pro-American government in Venezuela is a strategic move to ensure that global energy pricing power returns to American hands.
在捕獲馬杜洛之前，川普便曾公開表示，馬杜洛「不是美國的朋友」，並警告他「明智的做法是主動離開」。目前，委內瑞拉由副總統羅德里乖斯（Delcy Rodríguez）代理總統職務。她從起初強烈譴責美軍入侵，到後來轉向美國釋出合作訊號。川普也隨即警告羅德里格斯，若不配合美方，將「付出巨大的代價」。
Before capturing Maduro, Trump had publicly stated that Maduro was "not a friend of the United States" and warned that "the wise thing to do would be to leave." Currently, Vice President Delcy Rodríguez is serving as acting president of Venezuela. Initially, she strongly condemned the US military invasion, but has since shifted toward signaling cooperation with Washington. Trump promptly warned Rodríguez that if she does not cooperate with the United States, she will "pay a tremendous price."
委內瑞拉強人馬杜洛，他做了什麼？
（資料來源：cnn.com）
馬杜洛（Nicolás Maduro）原本是委內瑞拉已故總統查維茲的親信。2011 年查維茲罹患癌症後，於 2012 年欽點馬杜洛為副總統與接班人。查維茲在 2013 年病逝後，馬杜洛正式掌權。
Nicolás Maduro was originally a close ally of Venezuela's late President Hugo Chávez. After Chávez was diagnosed with cancer in 2011, he appointed Maduro as Vice President and his successor in 2012. When Chávez passed away in 2013, Maduro officially took power.
相較於查維茲強烈的個人魅力和草根動員能力，馬杜洛執政期間長期面臨低迷的民意支持。在馬杜洛任內，委內瑞拉經濟持續惡化，出現惡性通貨膨脹、物資短缺及大規模社會抗爭，超過 700 萬人逃離國境。
Compared to Chávez's strong personal charisma and grassroots mobilization ability, Maduro has faced persistently low public support throughout his presidency. Under Maduro's rule, Venezuela's economy continued to deteriorate, experiencing hyperinflation, severe shortages, and massive social protests. More than seven million people fled the country.
更諷刺的是，2016 年委內瑞拉人平均體重下降了 8.7 公斤，2017 年更進一步下降 3 到 11 公斤，被悲劇性地稱為「馬杜洛減肥法」。
Even more ironically, in 2016, the average Venezuelan lost 8.7 kilograms of body weight. In 2017, they lost an additional 3 to 11 kilograms. This phenomenon was tragically nicknamed the "Maduro Diet."
為了鞏固政權，馬杜洛擴大軍隊與警察的權力，讓安全部門介入公營事業並形成利益網絡，同時加強對異議人士和反對派的鎮壓。
To consolidate his power, Maduro expanded the authority of the military and police, allowing security forces to become involved in state-owned enterprises and form a network of vested interests while intensifying the suppression of dissidents and opposition figures.
在政治合法性方面，馬杜洛主張自己於 2013、2018、2024 年三度透過民主選舉當選。但反對派與多個西方國家質疑這些選舉涉及舞弊和系統性迫害。以 2024 年大選為例，美國、歐盟等五十多個政府拒絕承認馬杜洛的當選結果，多名反對派領袖遭到迫害或流亡海外。
Regarding political legitimacy, Maduro claims he was democratically elected three times—in 2013, 2018, and 2024. However, the opposition and multiple Western countries have questioned these elections as fraudulent and systematically rigged. In the 2024 election, for example, more than 50 governments, including the United States and the European Union, refused to recognize Maduro's victory. Numerous opposition leaders have been persecuted or forced into exile abroad.
獨裁者連携：委內瑞拉與中國、俄羅斯的關係
中國：貸款換石油的鐵桿盟友
在與美國關係惡化後，委內瑞拉積極轉向中國。雙方自 2001 年建立戰略夥伴關係，以「貸款換石油」的模式深化合作。中國累計向委內瑞拉提供超過 600 億美元融資，換取長期原油供應，並深度參與住房、鐵路、通訊及數位治理等基礎建設。中國也成為委內瑞拉最大的石油接收國。
After relations with the US deteriorated, Venezuela actively turned toward China. The two countries established a strategic partnership in 2001 and deepened cooperation through an "oil-for-loans" model. China has provided over $60 billion in financing to Venezuela in exchange for long-term oil supplies and has been deeply involved in housing, railway, telecommunications, and digital governance projects. China has also become Venezuela's largest oil recipient.
2025 年 5 月，委內瑞拉總統馬杜洛與習近平會面時，習近平對外表示中國與委內瑞拉是「鐵桿友誼」。甚至在馬杜洛被逮捕的前幾個小時，他都還在接見中國特使邱小琪。邱小琪當時還重申「中國和委內瑞拉是久經考驗的戰略夥伴」，足見兩國關係之緊密。
In May 2025, when Venezuelan President Maduro met with Xi Jinping, Xi publicly stated that China and Venezuela share an "iron-clad friendship." Just hours before Maduro's arrest, he was still meeting with Chinese special envoy Qiu Xiaoqi, who reaffirmed that "China and Venezuela are time-tested strategic partners"—demonstrating just how close the two countries had become.
俄羅斯：能源與軍事的戰略夥伴
俄羅斯則是透過石油開採介入委內瑞拉。2001 年後，俄羅斯也成為委內瑞拉的主要武器供應國。在能源領域，俄羅斯企業 Roszarubezhneft 與委內瑞拉簽訂了合資協議，期限至 2041 年，確保俄羅斯在西半球的長期戰略存在及石油收益。
Russia has been involved in Venezuela through oil extraction. Since 2001, Russia has also become Venezuela's primary weapons supplier. In the energy sector, the Russian company Roszarubezhneft signed a joint venture agreement with Venezuela lasting until 2041, ensuring Russia's long-term strategic presence and oil revenues in the Western Hemisphere.
2025 年是俄委關係的另一個轉捩點。雙方在 5 月簽署了「戰略夥伴關係與合作條約」，該條約為期十年且可自動續約，涵蓋能源開發、民用核能、金融體系對接以及共同應對制裁等全方位內容，建立了長遠的合作夥伴關係。
2025 marked another turning point in Russian-Venezuelan relations. In May, both sides signed a "Strategic Partnership and Cooperation Treaty." This ten-year treaty, which automatically renews, covers energy development, civilian nuclear power, financial system integration, and joint responses to sanctions—establishing a long-term partnership.
但這一切在馬杜洛被逮捕並引渡到美國之後，產生了重大變化。
However, everything changed after Maduro was arrested and extradited to the United States.
馬杜洛遭捕後各方反應
委內瑞拉
馬杜洛被捕後，委內瑞拉國內正反意見並陳。不過，由於馬杜洛長期手握獨裁權力、迫害反對派人士，使得多數人民苦不堪言，因此許多委內瑞拉民眾在得知馬杜洛遭捕後紛紛表示支持，甚至上街慶祝。
After Maduro's capture, opinions within Venezuela were divided. However, because Maduro had long held dictatorial power and persecuted opposition figures, causing great suffering for most citizens, many Venezuelans expressed support upon learning of his arrest and even took to the streets to celebrate.
有一名男子受訪時提到，許多人批評美國只是想要石油。他不以為然地回應：「你們覺得俄羅斯人和中國人這段時間以來想要的是什麼？難道是玉米餅（Arepa）的食譜嗎？」
One man, when interviewed, mentioned that many people criticize the United States for just wanting oil. He responded dismissively: "What do you think the Russians and Chinese have wanted all this time? The recipe for arepas?"
中國
中國外交部表示，中方對美方悍然對一個主權國家使用武力，並對一國總統動手深表震驚，予以強烈譴責。中國敦促美方停止侵犯別國的主權與安全。
China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that China was deeply shocked and strongly condemned the United States for brazenly using military force against a sovereign nation and taking action against its president. China urged the US to stop violating the sovereignty and security of other countries.
俄羅斯
作為委內瑞拉的長期盟友，俄羅斯出聲譴責美國對委內瑞拉採取的軍事行動，並表示沒有站得住腳的理由支持這項行為，同時批評美方將「意識形態敵意」凌駕於外交之上。
As Venezuela's long-standing ally, Russia condemned the US military action against Venezuela, stating there was no justifiable reason to support such behavior. Russia also criticized the US for placing "ideological hostility" above diplomacy.
法國
法國總統艾曼紐·馬克宏（Emmanuel Macron）在社群媒體平台 X 發文表示：「接下來的過渡階段必須秉持和平及民主方式進行，並尊重委內瑞拉人民的意願。我們希望 2024 年當選的總統龔薩雷茲（Edmundo González Urrutia）能盡快確保並領導這一過渡時期。」
French President Emmanuel Macron posted on social media platform X: "The upcoming transition phase must proceed in a peaceful and democratic manner, respecting the will of the Venezuelan people. We hope that President-elect Edmundo González Urrutia, who won the 2024 election, will ensure and lead this transition as soon as possible."
英國
英國首相施凱爾（Keir Starmer）在 X 平台表示：「我們認為馬杜洛是非法總統，我們不會為他的政權終結感到惋惜。」他稍早向英國媒體發表聲明：「我想先確認事實。我想與川普總統及盟邦談話。我可以明確表示我們並未參與其中⋯⋯我始終認為，我們所有人都應維護國際法。」
British Prime Minister Keir Starmer posted on X: "We consider Maduro an illegitimate president, and we will not mourn the end of his regime." In an earlier statement to British media, he said: "I want to establish the facts first. I want to speak with President Trump and our allies. I can make clear that we were not involved... I have always believed that all of us should uphold international law."
德國
德國總理弗里德里希·梅爾茨（Friedrich Merz）表示，對美國本次行動的法律評估相當複雜，「我們會花時間加以評估」，並補充說相關評估必須依循國際法原則。他呼籲必須確保「過渡至經選舉獲得正當性的政府」這一過程順利進行，並警告「不應讓委內瑞拉陷入政治不穩定的局勢」。
German Chancellor Friedrich Merz stated that the legal assessment of the US action was quite complex, adding "we will take time to evaluate it" and that any assessment must follow principles of international law. He called for ensuring a smooth "transition to a government with electoral legitimacy" and warned that "Venezuela should not be allowed to fall into political instability."
西班牙
西班牙總理佩德羅·桑切斯（Pedro Sánchez）在 X 平台寫道：「西班牙不承認馬杜洛政權，但也不會認可既違反國際法，又將該地區推向不確定與衝突風險的干預行動。」
Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez wrote on X: "Spain does not recognize the Maduro regime, but neither will it endorse an intervention that violates international law and pushes the region toward uncertainty and the risk of conflict."
以色列
以色列總理尼班傑明·納坦雅胡（Benjamin Netanyahu）表示：「恭喜川普總統，你為自由與正義展現大膽且具歷史意義的領導力。我向你果斷的決心以及你麾下英勇軍人的出色行動致敬。」
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated: "Congratulations to President Trump—you have demonstrated bold and historic leadership for freedom and justice. I salute your decisive determination and the outstanding operation carried out by your brave soldiers."
歐盟
歐盟執行委員會主席烏蘇拉·馮德萊恩（Ursula von der Leyen）表示：「我們密切關注委內瑞拉的情勢發展。我們與委國人民站在一起，並支持和平及民主轉型。任何解決方案都必須遵守國際法與聯合國憲章。」
European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen stated: "We are closely monitoring developments in Venezuela. We stand with the Venezuelan people and support a peaceful and democratic transition. Any solution must comply with international law and the UN Charter."
聯合國
聯合國秘書長安東尼歐·古特瑞斯（Antonio Guterres）的發言人表示：「這些發展樹立了危險的先例。」古特瑞斯持續強調各方必須完全尊重國際法的重要性，包括聯合國憲章，並對國際法規範未獲遵守深感憂慮。
A spokesperson for UN Secretary-General António Guterres stated: "These developments set a dangerous precedent." Guterres continued to emphasize the importance of all parties fully respecting international law, including the UN Charter, and expressed deep concern that international legal norms were not being followed.
委內瑞拉近代政治與社會變遷
委內瑞拉在哪裡？曾經富裕到什麼程度？
委內瑞拉位於南美洲北部，首都是卡拉卡斯（Caracas），從美國邁阿密直飛只需大約四小時。台灣人多半因為棒球而認識委內瑞拉，但很少人知道，這個國家曾經是全球最富裕的國家之一。
Venezuela is located in the northern part of South America. Its capital is Caracas, just about a four-hour direct flight from Miami, USA. Many Taiwanese know Venezuela through baseball, but few realize that this country was once one of the wealthiest nations in the world.
委內瑞拉擁有全球已探明儲量最大的石油資源，也是石油輸出國組織（OPEC）的創始國。1950 年代，委內瑞拉真的是「富到流油」。根據 NationMaster 的資料，當時委內瑞拉的人均 GDP 一度高居全球第四，是日本的四倍、中國的十二倍。
Venezuela possesses the world's largest proven oil reserves and is a founding member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). In the 1950s, Venezuela was literally "swimming in oil wealth." According to NationMaster data, the country's GDP per capita once ranked fourth globally—four times that of Japan and twelve times that of China.
1970 年代的石油危機讓國際油價暴漲四倍，委內瑞拉因此意外暴富。那個年代，卡拉卡斯街頭隨處可見美國豪車品牌凱迪拉克，中產階級動不動就飛去邁阿密血拼。他們購物時經常對店員說：「Ta barato, dame dos」（太便宜了，給我兩個），甚至催生了邁阿密著名的「Dame dos」消費文化。
The oil crisis of the 1970s caused international oil prices to quadruple, bringing unexpected riches to Venezuela. During that era, the streets of Caracas were filled with luxury American Cadillacs, and middle-class Venezuelans would frequently fly to Miami for shopping sprees. They often told shopkeepers: "Ta barato, dame dos" (It's so cheap, give me two), which even gave rise to Miami's famous "Dame dos" consumer culture.
石油替委內瑞拉帶來財富，也帶來災難
暴利讓委內瑞拉過度依賴石油，農業和製造業全面萎縮，糧食及各種商品高度仰賴進口。加上委內瑞拉的石油多屬重質原油，開採成本居高不下。
The enormous profits made Venezuela overly dependent on oil. Agriculture and manufacturing declined completely, leaving the country highly reliant on imports for food and consumer goods. Additionally, most of Venezuela's oil is heavy crude, which is expensive to extract.
1999 年查維茲（Hugo Chávez）上台後與美國交惡，國營石油公司投資不足、貪腐嚴重，又遭國際制裁，產能大幅下滑。到了 2023 年，石油出口僅約 40.5 億美元。2013 年後，委內瑞拉 GDP 累計萎縮了 80%，通貨膨脹曾經飆升到 1,300,000%——換句話說，原本十塊錢的養樂多變成十三萬元，但薪水卻完全沒漲。這場經濟浩劫造成約 790 萬人逃離國家，超過八成民眾陷入貧困，官方月薪只剩下大約 3.5 美元。
After Hugo Chávez came to power in 1999, relations with the United States soured. The state oil company suffered from insufficient investment, widespread corruption, and international sanctions, causing production to drop dramatically. By 2023, oil exports totaled only about 4.05 billion. Since 2013, Venezuela′s GDP has contracted by a cumulative 80. This economic catastrophe forced approximately 7.9 million people to flee the country. Over 804.05 billion. Since 2013, Venezuela′s GDP has contracted by a cumulative 80.
